Gilgamesh The Epic Of Gilgamesh - 1400 Words

The Epic of Gilgamesh Introduction The Epic of Gilgamesh is the story about Gilgamesh, the King of Uruk and Enkidu, their friendship, how Enkidu dies, how Gilgamesh mourns the death of his friend and finally he understands enlightened truth . Most of this story is narrated from Gilgamesh’s point of view. The story is set in Mesopotamia and the portrayal of Gilgamesh is ironical. He is described as a king of immense vigor and strength who is not benevolent with his subjects. He befriends Enkidu who is of equal valor. They embark on different conquests together after which Enkidu gets dreams with message of his impending death . Enkidu subsequently dies with illness . With the death of his friend Enkidu, Gilgamesh is shattered and also becomes obsessed with his own life and so he embarks on a quest to find Utnapishtim, who is bestowed with immortality by the Gods. He believes that he would get eternal life from Utnapishtim, who had received eternal life from the Gods . The story’s theme throughout is relat ed to how man evolves through various incidents in his life and finally realizes that immortality for a human lies in doing good work for others but not in the conquest of death. The entire story revolves around how Gilgamesh, obsessed by life yearns for eternal life and how it eludes him even though he undertakes dangerous quests to find it . The thesis statement is that humans can attain immortality by the acts and deeds they perform. SummaryShow MoreRelatedGilgamesh And The Epic Of Gilgamesh988 Words   |  4 PagesThe maturation of Gilgamesh and his desire to acquire wisdom throughout his journey is quite apparent. By overcoming difficulties such as upholding Uruk, becoming friends with Enkidu, and various other scenarios, Gilgamesh proves that he did in fact grow up throughout the epic. As the epic starts, Gilgamesh is portrayed as a self-centered, self-admiring leader who believes that he is the only individual that can lead the city of Uruk. Gilgamesh believes that he is a god-like figure and often refersRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh : Gilgamesh1013 Words   |  5 Pages Gilgamesh in 2015 Even though the epic Gilgamesh is thousands of years old, it is still read today. Why would the era of technology read an epic this old? This is because the themes in Gilgamesh are still relevant. In addition, the themes are experiences that Gilgamesh went through in his life period, and serve as lessons for the current readers. Gilgamesh’s themes include journey, legacy, love, and death. These themes make Gilgamesh a vital reading for the 21st century citizens because peopleRead MoreGilgamesh : The Epic Of Gilgamesh1194 Words   |  5 Pages The Epic of Gilgamesh is a Mesopotamian epic poem loosely based on a real king who ruled sometime around 2700 BCE. The standard version of this epic was written in the Akkadian language. In this epic poem, Gilgamesh is King of Uruk, he is one third mortal and two-thirds god; he is described as a strong, arrogant, and unruly king that does not show much consideration for his actions. Gilgamesh is a very egocentric person; he has no res pect for the feelings of others and does not care about howRead MoreGilgamesh : The Epic Of Gilgamesh876 Words   |  4 PagesIn The Epic of Gilgamesh a young man meets and befriends a wild man named Enkidu. Enkidu, once a man who lived among animals, became civilized after having sex with a female. From this point on Gilgamesh and Enkidu’s relationship start, but shortly into the novel Enkidu becomes sick and dies. This is the start to Gilgamesh journey in attempting to avoid death by seeking immortality. In his quest Gilgamesh meets several people all who assign different routes to the next person he should speak to.Read MoreGilgamesh : The Epic Of Gilgamesh909 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh† is a didactic story set out to expose the inevitability of death. The true meaning of this story is sometimes overlooked because the story is told in heighten language not easily understood. The epic hero in this story is Gilgamesh; he undertakes a quest for knowledge which is overshadowed by his ignorance. The tragic death of Enkidu, Gilgamesh’s trusted companion forces the epic hero to change his perception of death. To overcome great obstacles one must be willing to putRead MoreGilgamesh The Epic Of Gilgamesh877 Words   |  4 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh the lines that are repeated at the beginning and end of the epic show that only immortality a human can gain lies in creating things that last beyond a person’s lifetime. While at the beginning of the epic Gilgamesh is seeking eternal life, when he concludes his journey he realizes that he has created an enduring legend through the foundation of his city, Uruk. Through this legend, Gilgamesh can live on in the memory of his people, long after he has passed away. The epic is ableRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And Gilgamesh1422 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Epic of Gilgamesh there are many notable relationships but the relationship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu is hands d own the most noteworthy. When analyzing the relationship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu there are many factors that go into play. It is really the sole foundation of the whole Sumerian epic and it really changes the whole personality of Gilgamesh. In order to get a better understanding of how the two characters complement each other we have to first break down their individual appearancesRead MoreGilgamesh : The Epic Of Gilgamesh2225 Words   |  9 PagesEpic of Gilgamesh In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh became a hero and Enkidu helped Gilgamesh grow and develop as a person, a leader, and a hero. Heroism is a major theme of this story. Gilgamesh also overcame the obstacle of his best friend dying and persevering when he had no other choice but to give up. The Epic of Gilgamesh was a story about a leader named Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh ruled the city of Uruk and along the way, he learned how to become a better leader. During this time, the gods createRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And Gilgamesh Essay2053 Words   |  9 PagesWhile the women in the Epic of Gilgamesh may not be the primary focus of the epic, which instead recounts more of Gilgamesh’s own trials and travails, they still play quite vital roles in their interactions with both Enkidu and Gilgamesh. Women such as Shamhat, Ninsun, and Ishtar in The Epic of Gilgamesh are often portrayed with a particular emphasis on their intrinsic connections to civilization—and in the case of Shamhat and Ninsun, in terms of their motherly characteristics as well—which servesRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh By Gilgamesh1476 Words   |  6 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh was the earliest surviving written epic that told story of Gilgamesh king of Uruk that was the world first cities that was built along the Tigris and Euphrates River 5,000 years ago. Aruru created the human race, Enkidu and a wild man who roamed the pasture like a gazelle. The epic of Gilgamesh goddesses and scared harlots wild men who cavort in the fields with the gazelles kings who are descended from gods. The Urban Revolution was recognize the elements of our own world by

Comparison of Business Technologies - 1239 Words

A Comparison of Early 20th and 21st Century Business Technologies Introduction Once a common sight in virtually any American office, the electric typewriter is now a thing of the past. In fact, the century between 1910 and 2010 witnessed both the introduction and the obsolescence of the electric typewriter to the dismay of old school typists who are now forced to find second-hand models if they still want to use them. To determine how the electric typewriter rose and fell within such a relatively short period of time, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature concerning the history of electric typewriters and what happened to cause their obsolescence by 2010. A summary of the research and important findings concerning these issues are presented in the conclusion. Review and Analysis Comparison of 1910 Technology to Current Technology: The Typewriter It is one thing to have sales of a product decline even precipitously, but it is quite another for an entire industry to collapse and disappear in a matter of a few short years, but this is precisely what happened to the electric typewriter. According to a report from Wasserman (2012), Joining other discarded technologies of late, including the Flip video camera, Kodachrome, and the humble floppy disk is the typewriter, which will no longer be produced anywhere in the world (p. 2). Like the last buggy whip manufacturer, the last company manufacturing typewriters anywhere (Godrej and Boyce in Mumbai,Show MoreRelatedBus Admin Lv 2 Unit 31422 Words   |  6 PagesSection 1 – Understand the purpose of information technology in a business environment 1. In relation to your current business environment (or one that you are familiar with), identify at least two different types of information technology that may be used when completing work tasks. Two types of information technology that may be used when completing work tasks from experience are: Word Processer and Spread sheets. When I worked in Reception as a receptionist and a switchboard operatorRead MoreJournal on Financial Ratio Analysis1157 Words   |  5 PagesCreative accounting. Accounting Policies. Limitations of Ratios Accounting Information Different Accounting Policies The choices of accounting policies may distort inter company comparisons. Example IAS 16 allows valuation of assets to be based on either revalued amount or at depreciated historical cost. The business may opt not to revalue its asset because by doing so the depreciation charge is going to be high and will result in lower profit. Creative accounting The businesses apply creativeRead MoreWhat Is The Role Of Information Technology In Business?857 Words   |  4 PagesThe present study tries to investigate role of information technology in terms of developing business in Indonesian small medium enterprises. In accordance with that, information technology business values are examined as information technology alignment maturity. Whilst the alignment literatures use a range of approaches to determine the fit between information technology and business (Tallon 2016), this research prefers to use process level alignment to get different perspective. However, thisRead MoreThe Total Cost Of Ownership937 Words   |  4 Pagescost TOC), is a concept that is progressively used in business worldwide. The principle of the concept is that the full costs of a conclusion should be assessed, rather than concentrating on the original purchase price of software and hardware, for instance. The Total Cost of Ownership term is somewhat new but the methodology is comparable to concepts of life cycle costs and other valid economic principles for appropriately evaluating business decisions. Total Cost of Ownership is at times used toRead MoreInformation System Proposal1206 Words   |  5 Pagesoperations and External operations 3 Information Technology Comparison chart 4 Technology and Information systems benefits and drawbacks 4 Bullets of successful strategy 5 References 6 Thriving as a small business in a competitive market calls for many ingenious strategies to remain afloat. As companies enter into the market they can become easily consumed, overwhelmed and sometimes unnoticeable. Opening business doors as a nostalgic record store immediatelyRead MoreUsing Two Concrete Examples Of Publicly Traded Companies1129 Words   |  5 Pagespart of it, we are going to analyze in these research by using two concrete examples of publicly traded companies. We aim to compare and contrast the cost drivers and indirect costs of two companies of these companies, as well as stablish a small comparison between these companies and the organization I work for. Every person has heard the word cost; the term cost drivers, well, I don’t think many people has. Basically a cost driver is an activity that causes costs to change. Costs drivers has expandedRead MoreCan Nokia Bounce Back?1632 Words   |  7 PagesSection 1: Introduction This report will investigate the current business situation communications giant Nokia are facing due to their plummet in business stature. It will provide analysis through Porters Five Forces and Internal Analysis into how the former communications giant can recover. Section 2: Company Context Nokia is global company based in Espoo, Finland. It was divided into three main departments Nokia Technologies, Nokia Networks and until September 2013 their mobile device marketRead MoreProject Scope1007 Words   |  5 PagesAlternatives analysis 7 11.1 Evaluation Criteria 7 11.2 Alternative Descriptions 7 11.3 Alternative Evaluation 8 11.4 Recommendation 8 12 Cost Estimates 8 13 cost-benefit analysis 9 13.1 Cost Analysis 9 13.2 Benefit Analysis 10 13.3 Comparison of Costs and Benefits 14 14 Risks 15 15 Fund LImitations 16 16 Standards 16 Revision History |Date |Version |Description |Author Read MoreComparison in Information System Management Programs Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesCOMPARISON IN INFORMATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAM BETWEEN UiTM (UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA) AND SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Program of Information System Management in UiTM Bachelor of Science Information System Management (Hons) is the program that recognizes information as a strategic resource. It is designed to educate and train students with knowledge and skills in managing information. It involves analyzing, designing, developing, and managing variousRead MoreThe Main Influences On Operation Management1112 Words   |  5 Pagesredesigning business operations in the production of goods or services. The main influences on operation management include; ï  ¶ Globalisation ï  ¶ Technology ï  ¶ Quality expectation ï  ¶ Cost-based competition ï  ¶ Government policies ï  ¶ Legal regulation ï  ¶ Environmental sustainability ï  ¶ Cooperate social responsibility (CSR) Globalisation Globalisation is the change in a business from a company associated with a single country to one that operates in multiple countries. Globalisation effects the business in a negative

Music Business Management Essay free essay sample

Management Sometimes thought of as the single most Important person In career of artiste. A good manager can expand an artistes career to Its maximum potential a bad one can rocket an artist to oblivion. What they generally do is most of the things the artist either cant be bothered to do or doesnt know how to do they do these things usually in exchange for a percentage of the artists earnings, this is called commission. A few of the roles of the typical manager include Helping with career decisions which record deal? Which publishing deal? How much etc.?Helping with he creative process selecting a producer, deciding which songs to perform/record, selecting photographers or band members etc. Promotion by hyping to everyone helping co-ordinate publicity campaign, etc. Assembling and heading professional team introducing lawyers, business managers and agents, etc. overseeing their work. Coordinating tours by working with agents to make the best deals. Hounding the record company of the artiste coordinating record company advertising and marketing campaign for artistes records making sure these are treated as priorities by the record company, cringles and parallels. Generally being a buffer between the artiste and the outside world. Managers typically get between 15% and 20% of artists gross earnings with the majority earning 15%. However, during touring this means more than you might think. If the artist is a band with five or more members, the managers 15% could easily be more than any members share. First issue is the managers percentage. Most try to keep it to 1 5%, although some managers might argue that the risk of taking on a new act Is worth 20%. It Is possible to arrange the deal so that It starts at 20% then changes to 15% after a certain time or when a certain amount has been earned. Sometimes managers earn a percentage of net as opposed to gross, which is better for the artiste. Net deals sometimes mean the manager will ask for limits on expenses. So for example a manager might agree to be paid on net tour proceeds, but that the expenses on the tour cant exceed a percentage of the gross. With absolutely huge superstars, the manager might Just be on a salary with no percentages. This salary can run Into six figures! It Is sometimes possible to exclude or reduce certain earnings. For example, the manager might get 15% of touring money but less of the artistes song writing royalties, maybe even none of it.If a manager is excluded from certain monies you cant expect him/her to work in this area. Some monies are customarily deducted before working out the managers cut non-commissionaire. It is a good idea to spell these out in the contract to make sure. Recording costs money paid by the record company for recording should not have a cut In for the manager. They are not really earnings, they just pass through the artistes hands to the studio. Money paid to the producer Same as above. Tour support this is money paid by record company to offset losses from touring.Commissioning tour support is controversial and some managers think t should be commissionaire, but most will agree that it is loss compensation and therefore UN-commissionaire. Costs of collection. If an artiste has to sue someone to get paid, the cost of suing should be deducted before making the managers cut. Pay a support act, this is not commissionaire as it merely passes through the artistes hands. The average term of management is generally three to five years. An artist Ants this to be a short as possible, the manager wants it to be as long as possible.Most common compromise is to say that if the artist doesnt earn a certain amount, e or she can terminate the agreement early. Or it can be set up as a shorter deal Inch carries on if certain earning target are reached. Even after the term has ended, say after five years, the contract might say that the manager continues to earn some commission after the term has finished if theyre generated under contracts entered into or substantially negotiated during the term. This means; 1 . As to records made during the term, the manager gets a commission from sales after the management deal has ended. 2.The manager is paid on records made after the term of the deal if he records are recorded under a recording contract signed during the term. This means the manager could be getting paid long after the term has finished, however there are ways to prevent this, known as clauses. There are a few measures to cut back on after term commissions these are. .. 1. Records The manager gets paid only on records recorded and released during the term and not on any others. This is best for the artiste. (b) Half commission after the term. 2. Publishing The manager is paid only on songs recorded and released during the term.This is best for the artiste. (b) The manager gets half commission on songs recorded after he term. Agents Agents usually operate somewhere between the artist (or the artists manager) and the promoter. Agents take on a number of artists and try to sell their live act to promoters, in return for a commission from the artiste on the earnings from the live Nor acquired. When promoters are looking for acts to use for promoting live events it is agents who they will turn to for the high earning potential acts. The responsibilities of the manager include most of those of an agent, I. E. Eating work for the artist, however the agents responsibilities are much narrower. Upon the appointment of an agent personal live appearance becomes his or her responsibility. Managers will a substantial amount of time with the artist, working with the act and the music, etc. , whereas the agent will deal with live work enquiries. The power of an agent largely concerns the roster of clients, all of which may have different managers. One person acting as both agent and manager will not have time to take advantage of all the opportunities which can be generated through the broader contacts of a separate and independent manager. The agent is always employed by the artist, although he may be chosen and appointed by the manager. An artiste has an agent to take advantage of specialized knowledge and contracts. Employment is obtained by him for the artiste, in return for a commission (10-15% of gross), being a percentage of gross earnings of the artist arising from all personal appearances of the artist during the agents exclusive contract period, and within the agents exclusive territory, whether or not generated by the agents efforts. The agents main responsibilities are to seek out and negotiate contracts for personal appearances Ninth promoters.No contract should be committed to without the artists approval. Artist at that time. Market values may change, such as where booking and its fee are confirmed for a date some way in the future, and in the meanwhile a record by the artiste gets into the charts. An experienced agent who has studied the development of the artiste, and who is fully informed of hid record release schedule, can Judge his future to take advantage of potential increases in market value. The scope of an agents authority to act on his own initiative depends on the agreement.An agent cannot commit the artiste to fulfill any engagement unless he has the authority to do so. The artiste may get an adverse reputation with promoters, unless the agent is able to act with some authority to negotiate contracts with the minimum of delay. Ere artiste should be fully consulted, and should see and sign each performance contract prior to being committed. The more successful the artiste, the more impractical it may become due to the lack availability while touring, recording or holidaying. The artiste may delegate the signing of appearance contracts to his agent, subject to prior approval by the artists manager. There are generally 3 things Inch are needed in order for something to be regarded as a gig or concert or night; an ARTIST, a VENUE, and a DATE. Along with these essential ingredients there are a host of others which will vary in importance from event to event. These are: PA or sound equipment, lights, tickets, fliers and posters, etc. Ere idea of promoting a band and style of music that the promoter enjoys has always been one of those leading philosophical, ethical and moral questions often discussed in music circles.It is seen partly as a duality with little compromise, or at times, it has been seen as an extravagant loss-leader for the promoter. If profit is the main motive the promoter should be led by market forces and punter needs rather than personal asset and choice. Personal choice is a temptation you must overcome if making enough money to continue promoting is your aim. The institution of personally based band promotion decisions have resulted in the demise of many concert promoters and promotion companies, especially in an economic climate where the promoter has to be very careful about the economic viability of each attempted promotion.When selecting a band in each different musical genre, the same rules apply. A great deal of thought and research should go into the final decision of whether to promote a band or not. The decision has to be based on several key factors. Has the band been around long enough to have built up an audience large enough to sustain a tour of the length planned? Is the band at present a new club favorite? Has the band attained a cult status? Or make value Judgments, the promoter must first find out as much information as possible. This will come from the agent, record shops, other promoters and the music press.The type of information needed by you, as a promoter, includes the number of dates planned for the tour. If only 5 dates are planned, or there is only one, and the band is reasonably popular, it may not matter to much about a reduced local fan ease. This is because if only a few dates are planned, an audience will travel to see the band in question. Linked with this is the amount of publicity are receiving at the present time. You need to establish whether the current publicity will be sufficient in the run up to the concert to ensure a capacity audience.If the band have already built up a large following, you should ascertain whether or not too many dates on the may include some areas on close proximity to the venue in which your promotion is taking place. This may mitigate against their audience coming to your promotion. If his is the case then further negotiations with the agent may be necessary to ensure; that your concert is the only one in the area that there are not too many dates on the tour. Record Contracts If it is impossible to negotiate on these matters then another band or venue are alternatives.Although they do vary and have got more and more complicated in recent years, record contracts have a basic character. Essentially the record company agrees to advance an artiste an amount of money, and some royalty payments on the sale of the artistes records once the advanced sum has been recouped from the artistes earnings. It is a bit like a tax free loan which must be paid back if the artiste is successful. In return the artiste has to produce a number of acceptably high quality recordings during the period of time the contract runs for.The contract could run for as long as 5 or 7 years, but will contain an option clause meaning that the record company has the choice of whether to keep the artiste on or not every year or so. Every time the record company keeps the artiste on it has to pay another advance. Most contracts are structured so that advances and percentage royalty points increase with each new contract period. This implies that the record company must achieve a degree of success to make it commercially viable to retain an artiste and pay out further royalties.In principle this is to safeguard against a company which might sign and retain an artiste on an exclusive contact without investing in them. Ere company is placed in a position where it is financially committed to an act, so it can either work to establish that artiste and generate a return on investment, or it save money and free the artiste from the contract to go elsewhere. The days of excessively exploitative contracts are by no means over, but they have now become less widespread as the music industry has consciously attempted to cultivate a more professional image.It has become standard practice for contracts to stipulate that the artiste must have received professional legal advice before signing. Most of the m ost exploitative contracts are offered by small, inexperienced, or Just incompetent companies involved in signing poorly advised acts. Artistes are now accredited with being more commercially minded and aware of what the contractual relationship Ninth a record company entails. Artistes are also surrounded by business advisors, lawyers, accountants, who may engage in some quite sophisticated signing strategies.Recording contracts appear to be the most desirable ambition of most musicians. They are extremely difficult to get, and arguably, at best only of limited benefit to the artiste. One of the first things which must be sorted out before a recording contract is agreed is whether or not the artiste has had any contracts in the past which still have an effect on his/her career. The artist must warrant that there are no such restrictions. The record company should try to find out if the artiste recorded music under an old contract which was never released. When negotiating contracts artists should make sure there are no skeletons in the cupboard from old contracts, particularly with respect to unreleased material recorded during that contract. The new record company will need to know about any other contracts and company needs to know whether there were undelivered recordings under a previous contract because; The old record company might release material from that contract if an artiste begins to be well known under the new one.This could cause some damage with respect to the reputation of the artiste by the marketing of an old album which was not released at the time because it was not good enough; royalties on the old album may be less than the new contract and the artiste can do nothing about it if the contract was not adequately terminated. ; the release of the old album may coincide with the release of a new one which may prejudice the marketing and promotion of the new one even though the old record company will benefit greatly from the advertising done for the new record; The old record might be a completely different style to the new one.All recording contracts are exclusive. The concern of an artist with a record company in which he does not have complete confidence is that it may not release his recordings or promote his records to his reasonable satisfaction. In this case the artiste does not have the right to find another company to do the Job, unless things are so bad that the lack of company effort amounts to a breach. The wording of contracts makes it so that the record company has all rights to all recordings of the artist during the period of contract for the purpose of making an selling records.This means even recordings which the company do not release. Exclusivity clauses are drawn as widely as possible, but must take into account other activities of the artiste, for example an acting career, or a theatre stage show career in which a stage show album may be recorded by a company other than the main company in this case there would be arrangements made for an override royalty for lending the artiste for the recording. Royalties are calculated as a percentage of the retail price of the record after making certain deductions. Some record companies have based their rates on wholesale price.Those calculated on wholesale tend to be one and a half and double those done on retail price. Retail price is recommended as being more reliable and impartial than publisher sealer price (wholesale). It is also very difficult to work out royalties from actual selling prices as they vary too much. The usual deductions from the retail price are taxes (VAT and sales tax) and the costs of the packaging of the product. The deductions should not include payments to third parties, such as copyright royalty payments which may be deducted from the gross fee before being divided between artiste and company.

The Rise Of Communism In Russi Essay Example For Students

The Rise Of Communism In Russi Essay The Rise of Communism In RussiaUnless we accept the claim that Lenins coup detat gave birth to an entirely new state, and indeed to a new era in the history of mankind, we must recognize in todays Soviet Union the old empire of the Russians the only empire that survived into the mid 1980s (Luttwak, 1). In their Communist Manifesto of 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels applied the term communism to a final stage of socialism in which all class differences would disappear and humankind would live in harmony. Marx and Engels claimed to have discovered a scientific approach to socialism based on the laws of history. They declared that the course of history was determined by the clash of opposing forces rooted in the economic system and the ownership of property. Just as the feudal system had given way to capitalism, so in time capitalism would give way to socialism. The class struggle of the future would bebetween the bourgeoisie, who were the capitalist employers, and the proletariat, who were the workers. The struggle would end, according to Marx, in the socialist revolution and the attainment of full communism (Groilers Encyclopedia). We will write a custom essay on The Rise Of Communism In Russi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Socialism, of which Marxism-Leninism is a takeoff, originated in the West. Designed in France and Germany, it was brought into Russia in the middle of the nineteenth century and promptly attracted support among the countrys educated, public-minded elite, who at that time were called intelligentsia (Pipes, 21). After Revolution broke out over Europe in 1848 the modern working class appeared on the scene as a major historical force. However, Russia remained out of the changes that Europe was experiencing. As a socialist movement and inclination, the Russian Social-Democratic Party continued the traditions of all the Russian Revolutions of the past, with the goal of conquering political freedom (Daniels 7). As early as 1894, when he was twenty-four, Lenin had become a revolutionary agitator and a convinced Marxist. He exhibited his new faith and his polemical talents in a diatribe of that year against the peasant-oriented socialism of the Populists led by N.K. Mikhiaiovsky (Wren, 3). While Marxism had been winning adherents among the Russian revolutionary intelligentsia for more than a decade previously, aclaimed Marxist party was bit organized until 1898. In that year a congress of nine men met at Minsk to proclaim the establishment of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party. The Manifesto issued in the name of the congress after the police broke it up was drawn up by the economist Peter Struve, a member of the moderate legal Marxist group who soon afterward left the Marxist movement altogether. The manifesto is indicative of the way Marxism was applied to Russianconditions, and of the special role for the proletariat (Pipes, 11). The first true congress of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was the Second. It convened in Brussels in the summer of 1903, but was forced by the interference of the Belgian authorities to move to London, where the proceedings were concluded. The Second Congress was the occasion for bitter wrangling among the representatives of various Russian Marxist Factions, and ended in a deep split that was mainly caused by Lenin his personality, his drive for power in the movement, and his hard philosophy of the disciplined party organization. At the close of the congress Lenin commanded a temporary majority for his faction and seized upon the label Bolshevik (Russian for Majority), while his opponents who inclined to the soft or more democratic position became known as the Mensheviks or minority (Daniels, 19). Though born only in 1879, Trotsky had gained a leading place among the Russian Social-Democrats by the time of the Second party Congress in 1903. He represented ultra-radical sentiment that could not reconcile itself to Lenins stress on the party organization. Trotsky stayed with the Menshevik faction until he joined Lenin in 1917. From that point on, he acomidated himself in large measure to Lenins philosophy of party dictatorship, but his reservations came to the surface again in the years after his fall from power (Stoessinger, 13). In the months after the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Party Lenin lost his majority and began organizing a rebellious group of Bolsheviks. This was to be in opposition of the new majority of the congress, the Menshiviks, led by Trotsky. Twenty-two Bolsheviks, including Lenin, met in Geneva in August of 1904 to promote the idea of the highly disciplined party and to urge the reorganization of the whole Social-Democratic movement on Leninist lines (Stoessinger, 33). The differences between Lenin and the Bogdanov group of revolutionary romantics came to its peak in 1909. Lenin denouncedthe otzovists, also known as the recallists, who wanted to recall the Bolshevik deputies in the Duma, and the ultimatists who demanded that the deputies take a more radical stand both for their philosophical vagaries which he rejected as idealism, and for the utopian purism of their refusal to take tactical advantage of the Duma. The real issue was Lenins control of the faction and the enforcement of his brand of Marxist orthodoxy. Lenin demonstrated his grip of the Bolshevik faction at a meeting in Paris of the editors of the Bolsheviks factional paper, which had become the headquarters of the faction. Bogdanov and his followers were expelled from the Bolshevik faction, though they remained within the Social-Democratic fold (Wren, 95). .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88 , .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88 .postImageUrl , .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88 , .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88:hover , .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88:visited , .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88:active { border:0!important; } .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88:active , .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88 .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u790fbbbffac8e37591dbb962104c8f88:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: who knows EssayOn March 8 of 1917 a severe food shortage cause riots in Petrograd. The crowds demanded food and the step down of Tsar. When the troops were called in to disperse the crowds, they refused to fire their weapons and joined in the rioting. The army generals reported that it would be pointless to send in any more troops, because they would only join in with the other rioters. The frustrated tsar responded by stepping down from power, ending the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty (Farah, 580). With the tsar out of power, a new provisional government took over made up of middle-class Duma representatives. Also rising to power was a rival government called the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies consisting of workers and peasants of socialist and revolutionary groups. Other soviets formed in towns and villages all across the country. All of the soviets worked to push a three-point program which called for an immediate peas, the transfer of land to peasants, and control of factories to workers. But the provisional government stood in conflict with the other smaller governments and the hardships of war hit the country. The provisional government was so busy fighting the war that they neglected the social problems it faced, losing much needed support (Farah, 580). The Bolsheviks in Russia were confused and divided about how to regard the Provisional Government, but most of them, including Stalin, were inclined to accept it for the time being on condition that it work for an end to the war. When Lenin reached Russia in April after his famous sealed car trip across Germany, he quickly denounced his Bolshevik colleagues for failing to take a sufficiently revolutionary stand (Daniels, 88). In August of 1917, while Lenin was in hiding and the party had been basically outlawed by the Provisional Government, the Bolsheviks managed to hold their first party congress since 1907 regardless. The most significant part of the debate turned on the possibility for immediate revolutionary action in Russia and the relation of this to the international upheaval. The separation between the utopian internationalists and the more practical Russia-oriented people was already apparent (Pipes, 127). The Bolsheviks hope of seizing power was hardly secret. Bold refusal of the provisional Government was one of their major ideals. Three weeks before the revolt they decided to stage a demonstrative walkout from the advisory assembly. When the walkout was staged, Trotsky denounced the Provisional Government for its alleged counterrevolutionary objectives and called on the people of Russia to support the Bolsheviks (Daniels, 110). On October 10 of 1917, Lenin made the decision to take power. He came secretly to Petrograd to try and disperse any hesitancies the Bolshevik leadership had over his demand for armed revolt. Against the opposition of two of Lenins long-time lieutenants, Zinovieiv and Kamenev, the Central Committee accepted Lenins resolution which formally instructed the party organizations to prepare for the seizure of power. Finally, of October 25 the Bolshevik revolution took place to overthrow the provisional government. They did so through the agency of the Military-Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet. They forcibly overthrew the provisional government by taking over all of the government buildings, such as the post office, and big corporations, such as the power companies, the shipyard, the telephone company. The endorsement of the coup was secured from the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which was concurrently in session. This was known as the October Revolution (Luttwak, 74) Through this, control of Russia was shifted to Lenin and the Bolsheviks. In a quick series of decrees, the new soviet government instituted a number of sweeping reforms, some long overdue andsome quite revolutionary. They ranged from democratic reforms, such as the disestablishment of the church and equality for the national minorities, to the recognition of the peasants land seizures and to openly socialist steps such as the nationalization of banks. The Provisional Governments commitment to the war effort was denounced. Four decrees were put into action. The first four from the Bolshevik Revolutionary Legislation were a decree on peace, a decree on land, a decree on the suppression of hostile newspapers, and a declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia (Stossenger, 130). .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd , .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd .postImageUrl , .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd , .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd:hover , .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd:visited , .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd:active { border:0!important; } .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd:active , .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc8ce908da491354c818a1027c5d21dd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Camar Automotive Hoist EssayBy early 1918 the Bolshevik critics individually made their peace with Lenin, and were accepted back into the party andgovernmental leadership. At the same time, the Left and Soviet administration thus acquired the exclusively Communist character which it has had ever since. The Left SRs like the right SRs and the Mensheviks, continued to function in the soviets as a more or less legal opposition until the outbreak of large-scale civil war in the middle of 1918. At that point the opposition parties took positions which were either equally vocal or openly anti-Bolshevik, and one after another, they were suppressed. The Eastern Front had been relatively quiet during 1917, and shortly after the Bolshevik Revolution a temporary armstice wasagreed upon. Peace negotiations were then begun at the Polish town of Brest-Litovsk, behind the German lines. In agreement with their earlier anti-imperialist line, the Bolshevik negotiators, headed by Trotsky, used the talks as a discussion for revolutionary propaganda, while most of the party expected the eventual return of war in the name of revolution. Lenin startled his followers in January of 1918 by explicitly demanding that the Soviet republic meet the German conditions and conclude a formal peace in order to win what he regarded as an indispensable breathing spell, instead of shallowly risking the future of the revolution (Daniels, 135). Trotsky resigned as Foreign Commissar during the Brest-Litovsk crisis, but he was immediately appointed Commissar of Military Affairs and entrusted with the creation of a new Red Army to replace the old Russian army which had dissolved during the revolution. Many Communists wanted to new military force to be built up on strictly revolutionary principles, with guerrilla tactics, the election of officers, and the abolition of traditional discipline. Trotsky set himself emphatically against this attitude and demanded an army organized in the conventional way and employing military specialists experienced officers from the old army. Hostilities between the Communists and the Whites, who were the groups opposed to the Bolsheviks, reached a decicive climax in 1919. Intervention by the allied powers on the side of the Whites almost brought them victory. Facing the most serious White threat led by General Denikin in Southern Russia, Lenin appealed to his followers for a supreme effort, and threatened ruthless repression of any opposition behind the lines. By early 1920 the principal White forces were defeated (Wren, 151). For three years the rivalry went on with the Whites capturing areas and killing anyone suspected of Communistpractices. Even though the Whites had more soldiers in their army, they were not nearly as organized nor as efficient as the Reds, and therefore were unable to rise up (Farah, 582). Police action by the Bolsheviks to combat political opposition commenced with the creation of the Cheka. Under the direction of Felix Dzerzhinsky, the Cheka became the prototype of totalitarian secret police systems, enjoying at critical times the right the right of unlimited arrest and summary execution of suspects and hostages. The principle of such police surveillance over the political leanings of the Soviet population has remained in effect ever since, despite the varying intensity of repression and the organizational changes of the police from Cheka to GPU (The State Political Administration) to NKVD (Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs) to MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs) to the now well-known KGB (Committee for StateSecurity) (Pipes, 140). Lenin used his secret police in his plans to use terror to achieve his goals and as a political weapon against his enemies. Anyone opposed to the communist state was arrested. Many socialists who had backed Lenins revolution at first now had second thoughts. To escape punishment, they fled. By 1921 Lenin had strengthened his control and the White armies and their allies had been defeated (Farah, 582). Communism had now been established and Russia had become a socialist country. Russia was also given a new name: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This in theory meant that the means of production was in the hands of the state. The state, in turn, would build the future, classless society. But still, the power was in the hands of the party (Farah, 583). The next decade was ruled by a collective dictatorship of the top party leaders. At the top level individuals still spoke for themselves, and considerable freedom for factional controversy remained despite the principles of unity laid down in 1921.