The British Constitution Essay example - 482 Words

The British Constitution A constitution is a set of laws on how a country is governed. The British Constitution is unwritten, unlike the constitution in America, and, as such, is referred to as an uncodified constitution. The British Constitution can be found in a variety of documents. Supporters of our constitution believe that the current way allows for flexibility and change to occur without too many problems. Those who want a written constitution believe that it should be codified so that the public as a whole has access to it – as opposed to just constitutional experts who know where to look and how to interpret it. Amendments to Britain’s unwritten constitution are made the same way –†¦show more content†¦There are two basic principles to the British Constitution: * The Rule of Law * The Supremacy of Parliament The main arguments for a written and codified constitution: Parliament is currently unrestrained: It can make or unmake any law. It cannot be checked by any other branch of the system Its heavy workload can mean poor laws are passed The Unitary system can mean the creation of laws that are inappropriate to regions of the UK ~ The independence of the Judiciary would be protected ~ Basic rights of citizens are identified and guaranteed ~ There will be less constitutional crises as there will not be confusion as to what is unconstitutional behaviour ~ A large parliamentary majority means the domination of the legislature by the executive. An elective dictatorship ~ The first past the post system creates an exaggerated mandate for the largest party, which is unlikely to have over 50% of the votes (this has not happened since 1945) ~ Without a Bill of Rights, it is Parliaments duty to preserve liberties. However these can be removed at any time by Parliament (e.g. Internment, the Prevention of Terrorism Act). The main arguments against a written and codified constitution: ~ If it aint broke, dont fix it. The British constitution has served us well over theShow MoreRelatedThe Uk s Constitution And The British Constitution2341 Words   |  10 PagesA constitution is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as â€Å"A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or organisation is governed.† It has also been described by the writer AV Dicey as â€Å"All rules which directly or indirectly affect the distribution and exercise of the sovereign power in the state.† (A V Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, Macmillan, London 1915). The UK s constitution is not written in a single documentRead MoreThe reform of the British constitution remains unfinished business.1439 Words   |  6 Pages In this essay, I would like to analyse why the reform of the British constitution is seen as unfinished business. Constitutional reform is when the system of government and how government institutions interact is changed. This has also meant the codification of some components of the constitution in the UK. Between 1997 and 2007, there were a considerable number of constitutional reforms introduced by the Blair governments. These reforms included devolution in Scotland, Wales and Northern IrelandRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of an Unwritten Constitution in the UK Essay example655 Words   |  3 PagesUnwritten Constitution in the UK The UK has an unwritten constitution unlike the U.S.A. Instead Britains laws, policies and codes are developed through statutes, common law, convention and more recently E.U law. It is misleading to call the British constitution unwritten; a more precise form of classification would be un-codified. This means that the British constitution has no single document, which states principles and rules of a state. However, The British constitutionRead MoreIs the Uks Constituition Becoming Increasingly Codified Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesThe British constitution has become increasingly codified, discuss. A constitution is a set of rules that defines the manner a country is run. The British constitution is said to be an unwritten constitution, more accurately it is uncodified as much more of the British constitution is written down, however, they are not all written down in a single document like a codified constitution would require as how the US is, however draws from several different sources such as; statutes laws, commonRead MoreA comparison of the United States Constitution And The Declaration of Independence712 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction The United States Constitution and The Declaration of Independence are two of America s most famous documents that laid the foundation for it s independence as a nation and separation from British rule. The following paper will compare these two documents and decipher the difference of the two. While both Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution contain important information regarding America s independence they are also different in many respects. DraftedRead MoreThe British Of The French And Indian War1247 Words   |  5 PagesPage 1 of 5 It’s 1763, and the British just signed a treaty with France to mark the end of the French/Indian War (1756-1763). The British were very happy with themselves, they just won the war! They had a right to feel victorious. The British colonies in North America were in that same happy, victorious state. But all that happiness and victory came at a price. The price was the immense debt that Britain faced after the war. The British needed money fast to pay off their debt. But tensions aroseRead MoreThe Transformation of the American Colonies Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesunderwent a radical transformation becoming an independent self-governing nation. The British debt accumulated from the French and Indian War brought colonists into conflict with the mother country over a variety of social, political and economic issues. This turmoil pushed the colonials to fight for their independence and develop a government that would counter these problems. With the introduction of the constit ution, the American Revolution initiated a radical departure from the America prior to 1763Read MoreThe Revolution Of The United States1297 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness,† as stated in the Constitution as well as stated by the philosopher John Locke, is the basis for the United States of America as we know it today. The notion that all humans were created equal and that all people are entitled to basic human rights came from the various experiences the colonists faced through the Revolution, which was a vital influence in the creation of the Constitution. The revolution was a key turning point in American history, itRead MoreThe Constitution of the U.K. Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesThe Constitution of the U.K. There are two meanings to the word constitution the first is that It will contain all of the rules for the organisation of the state.and secondly It will usuall be ‘entrenced’ which means that it is hard to change. The constitution of a country is a set of rules regulating the powers of its government and the rights and duties of its citizens. In all but a few democracies in the world, the nations constitution canRead MoreThe Modern Day Legal Systems1671 Words   |  7 Pagescivilizations have affected Canadian law. These include the Code of Hammurabi, the Mosaic law, Greek and Roman laws, the Magna Carta and a few others. More recently are the civil and common law derived from the French and British respectively. Canada did not always have a written constitution. The territory we now refer to as Canada was once populated by the French and English colonial masters. These colonists extended the laws of their home countries to their colonies. As the population of this territory

Bibliography Definition and Examples

A bibliography is a list of works (such as books and articles)Â  written on a particular subject or by a particular author. Adjective: bibliographic. Also known as a list of works cited, a bibliography may appear at the end of a book, report, online presentation, or research paper. Students are taught that a bibliography, along with correctly formatted in-text citations, is crucial to properly citing ones research and to avoiding accusations of plagiarism. In formal research, all sources used, whether quoted directly or synopsized, should be included in the bibliography. An annotated bibliography includes a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph (the annotation) for each item in the list. These annotations often give more context about why a certain source may be useful or related to the topic at hand. Etymology:Â  From the Greek, writing about books (biblio, book, graph, to write)Pronunciation:Â  bib-lee-OG-rah-fee Examples and Observations Basic bibliographic information includes title, author or editor, publisher, and the year the current edition was published or copyrighted. Home librarians often like to keep track of when and where they acquired a book, the price, and a personal annotation, which would include their opinions of the book or of the person who gave it to them(Patricia Jean Wagner, The Bloomsbury Review Booklovers Guide. Owaissa Communications, 1996) Conventions for Documenting Sources It is standard practice in scholarly writing to include at the end of books or chapters and at the end of articles a list of the sources that the writer consulted or cited. Those lists, or bibliographies, often include sources that you will also want to consult. . . .Established conventions for documenting sources vary from one academic discipline to another. The Modern Language Association (MLA) style of documentation is preferred in literature and languages. For papers in the social sciences the American Psychological Association (APA) style is preferred, whereas papers in history, philosophy, economics, political science, and business disciplines are formatted in the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) system. The Council of Biology Editors (CBE) recommends varying documentation styles for different natural sciences.(Robert DiYanni and Pat C. Hoy II, The Scribner Handbook for Writers, 3rd ed. Allyn and Bacon, 2001) APA vs MLA Styles There are several different styles of citations and bibliographies that you might encounter: MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, and more. As described above, each of those styles is often associated with a particular segment of academia and research. Of these, the most widely used are APA and MLA styles. They both include similar information, but arranged and formatted differently. In an entry for a book in an APA-style works-cited list, the date (in parentheses) immediately follows the name of the author (whose first name is written only as an initial), just the first word of the title is capitalized, and the publishers full name is generally provided. APAAnderson, I. (2007). This is our music: Free jazz, the sixties, and American culture. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. By contrast, in an MLA-style entry, the authors name appears as given in the work (normally in full), every important word of the title is capitalized, some words in the publishers name are abbreviated, the publication date follows the publishers name, and the medium of publication is recorded. . . . In both styles, the first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and the second and subsequent lines are indented. MLAAnderson, Iain. This Is Our Music: Free Jazz, the Sixties, and American Culture. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 2007. Print. The Arts and Intellectual Life in Mod. Amer. (MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th ed. The Modern Language Association of America, 2009) Finding Bibliographic Information for Online Sources For Web sources, some bibliographic information may not be available, but spend time looking for it before assuming that it doesnt exist. When information isnt available on the home page, you may have to drill into the site, following links to interior pages. Look especially for the authors name, the date of publication (or latest update), and the name of any sponsoring organization. Do not omit such information unless it is genuinely unavailable. . . .Online articles and books sometimes include a DOI (digital object identifier). APA uses the DOI, when available, in place of a URL in reference list entries. (Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers, A Writers Reference With Strategies for Online Learners, 7th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2011)

Due Diligence Free Essays

Due Diligence Legislation assignment #2 1. Where did the term â€Å"due diligence† come from, what case? The term due diligence came form the case Sault Ste. Marie, know as strict liability offences, by Supreme court of Canada. We will write a custom essay sample on Due Diligence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due diligence and the strict liability were offered in response to the inadequacies of the existing criminal law, due to the actions that occurred in polluting the water source in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. â€Å"SCC†) in R v. Sault Ste. Marie, [1978] 2 S. C. R. 1299; 5 D. L. R. (3d) 161 (â€Å"Sault Ste. Marie†) 2. What is the â€Å"due diligence test†? The due diligence test is the â€Å"Reasonable Person Test† which is a subjective way of determining someone’s guilt or innocence. Two questions are always asked to keep up-to-date with accurate information, these two questions are: 1. â€Å"Are reasonable steps being taken and are adequate systems in place to anticipate and detect the risk associated with our operations? † 2. â€Å"Have systems been put into place to ensure that identified risks are avoided and managed properly if they occur, and are those systems being implemented properly? † 3. In your own words what does it mean? Due diligences are the understanding and knowledge of proper work techniques that are practiced. Therefore employees take part in a safe productive work places. To properly take part in a safe work place employees must be compliance with their work practice. First step in due diligence is to be able to point out any hazards that may affect your health and safety before any work begins. Secondly, being able to prevent any incidents form occurring will maintain a strong understanding of the work. Lastly, controlling the work site is key, maintaining the health and safety of employees is an important role within an organization. Practicing the role of due diligence will allow others to recognize men or women are capable of practicing the proper techniques of health and safety. 4. How does it apply to OHS? Where is it used? Due diligence is an important factor in the work practice; it is used everyday for health and safety towards workers. If an employee or employer are being charged towards an incident, they may plead not guilty if they can prove they have practiced due diligence and are compliance with their work practice. Due diligence is used in a courtroom to prove your innocents of the accused. The three factors that the judge and jury look at are foreseeability, preventability, and control. Forseeability – is having safety procedures, policies, and practices available to employees. This allows the workers to have more knowledge and understanding of the worksite. Proper training which is available to workers prevents many incidents from occurring, allowing the workers to able to notice hazards before any measures are taken. Preventability – Many incidents are preventable from taking place on worksites, employees who are trained to code are eligible to prevent incidents from occurring. Those who are trained accordingly note the hazards on site, make sure everyone knows emergency practices, and policies are being followed. Having an understanding prevents many incidents from occurring providing a safe and healthy environment. Control – To properly control incidents from occurring begins with the employers. Providing safety procedures, practices, and policies to employees is the first step in controlling the work site. Secondly employers must identify that employees are compliance to their work practice. Lastly, if the employees have the knowledge and understanding of their scope they are capable of controlling incidents. Citations: * www. wikicfo. com/wiki/default. aspxautodetectcookiesupport=1 * www. ccohs. ca * www. labour. gov. bc. ca/eao/factsheets/due_diligence. pdf * http://employment. alberta. ca/documents/WHS/WHS-PUB_li015. pdf How to cite Due Diligence, Essay examples

Designing A Light Rail Network For A City †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Designing A Light Rail Network For A City. Answer: Introduction Light rail networks have become very common in many cities across the world that have high transport demand and increased congestion. This transit mode represents a sound alternative for governments that are in search of increasing mobility in cities. It is a high-capacity, efficient and sustainable mode of transport that is able to co-exist effectively with other public transport modes. Light rail is also very attractive to commuters, city residents, tourists and investors, making it a worthy investment for any government. There are many completed and ongoing light rail network projects in cities across North America, Europe, Australia, Asia Pacific, Middle East, Africa and Latin America. These projects are mainly driven by the potential benefits of light rail networks. Some of these benefits include: less emissions and pollution(Shang Zhang, 2013); less noise; higher passenger capacity; greater comfort; increased safety; greater reliability; adaptability; environmental friendly; l ower operating costs per commuter; higher aesthetic value; increases mobility in the city; increases property values(Seo, et al., 2014); improves peoples health(MacDonald, et al., 2010); higher adaptability and flexibility(Light Rail Committee, 2016); and revenue generation through transit oriented development(Higigns, et al., 2014). In general, light rail has numerous economic, environmental and social benefits(Tourism Transport Forum Australia, 2010). Today, millions of people in different cities across all continents are moved by light rail networks every day. Nevertheless, these benefits can only be realized if the light rail network is designed and constructed appropriately by considering client and user needs and following the relevant engineering standards. The routes and all components of the light rail network should be designed by considering the goals of the network(Cohen-Blankshtain, 2011), present and planned development and other land uses in the city(Ewing Cervero, 2010). This makes design and construction processes very essential in successful implementation of a light rail network in a city. The aim of this report is to analyze various aspects of a light rail network for a city. The aspects discussed are: preliminary design phase; detailed design phase; development phase; system test, evaluation and validation processes; optimizations and human factors that should be considered when implementing this kind of project. Information contained in this report is very useful for stakeholders involved in design and construction of a light rail network as it can help them to understand the steps to follow and critical factors to consider when implementing this kind of project. Preliminary Design Phase This phase comes after the project team has decided on the specific design concept to implement from the conceptual design phase. The main purpose of preliminary design phase is to demonstrate that the chosen design concept will meet the required design, technical and performance specifications, can be implemented using the available resources and methods, and that various constraints can be overcome. During this phase, various components of light rail systems are analyzed, including their properties, how they function and what is needed to enhance their design, construction and operation. Examples of elements that are determined and analyzed at this phase include: light rail routes, vertical and horizontal alignments of the light rail, size or capacity of the light rail, number of lanes of the light rail, source of power for the light rail, communication systems, relay houses, overhead catenary system, stops and boarding stations, etc. A variety of specifications for the light rail are also determined. These include: system specifications (they entail technical, performance, functional and maintenance characteristics), development specifications (includes the required research works for new developments and/or technical items), production specifications (entails technical requirements before the start of production of components), process specification (entails processes followed to produce the required components of the light rail) and material specifications (technical requirements on properties of materials or resources to be used). At the end of this phase, the project team should ensure that the light rail network is designed for functional capability, usability, interoperability, reliability, safety, maintainability, sustainability, security, supportability serviceability, affordability and producibility disposability. The team has to produce initial preliminary layout or drafts of the light rail showing its routes, size and location of various major components. The system design developed at this stage is also reviewed and relevant feedback provided for improvement purposes in subsequent phases. Detailed Design and Development Phases Detailed design phase This is the phase where the actual design of all components and systems of the light rail are undertaken. It is the final design stage of the project where all necessary design details of the light rail are determined and documented. The system begins with establishing the necessary design requirements for the light rail components. Some of the main components that are designed in this phase are: traction power substations (these are systems that supply power to the light rail), relay houses (these are house structures or facilities that contain equipment for controlling crossing gates and signals for facilitating safe and efficient movement of the light trains), communication houses (these are house structures or facilities that contain data acquisition, supervisory control and communication equipment used for protecting and informing light rail customers, and also used by security personnel, supervisors and dispatchers for monitoring and controlling the light rail), overhead catena ry system (these are usually 2 overhead wires: top messenger wire for providing physical support and bottom contact wire for supplying electrical power), and system software this is the system that is used for automated monitoring, control and management of the light rail. The size/capacity, location and other dimensions of these components are determined at this phase. The components are also integrated to ensure that they operate as a single system. Various necessary field investigations are also carried out in this phase to ensure that designs are created based on accurate data from the field. The designs are done using appropriate design software and tools(Blanchard Fabrycky, 2010). To ensure that the detailed designs created meets the required technical and performance specifications, mockups and prototypes of each component and/or system of the light rail are also created. This helps the project team to visualize the final system that will be developed and identify some of the challenges that may be experienced along the development process. Based on the findings from the mockups and prototypes, appropriate changes can be made to the designs. Design of all the systems is done by considering existing and planned land use, mobility improvements, economic development impacts, congestion relief, cost-effectiveness and environmental benefits. Once the final designs have been prepared, appropriate construction methods are also established. These methods should facilitate construction of the light rail in accordance with the design specifications and within the stipulated budget. Another crucial task performed in this phase is cost estimation. The project team prepares cost estimates of each of the components designed followed by the final bill of quantities. Last but not least, potential construction constraints are also evaluated and suitable strategies of overcoming them established. At the end of detailed design phase, the project team should have all the necessary documents(Goral, 2007) that the contractor should use to develop the light rail. This includes project schedule and budget. Development phase This is the phase where the physical light rail is constructed. In other words, this phase entails converting drawings developed in previous phases into an actual and physical product. The phase comes after the tender has been awarded to the most qualified contractor. Some of the activities undertaken by the contractor include: excavations, installation of the light rails and construction of other light rail systems such as relay and communication houses, stops and boarding stations. The contractor should ensure that every component constructed meets the technical and performance specifications as detailed in the contract documents. This being a project that is undertaken in a city, appropriate measures should be put in place so that construction activities do not affect other transport modes and activities. System Test Evaluation and Validation Processes Test and evaluation The goals and objectives of the light rail network can only be achieved if the system is tested, evaluated and validated to have conformed to the technical, performance, functional and project requirements. These are very important processes that must be completed before the light rail is opened for use. Tests are usually carried out in factories where various components are manufactured, on site during delivery and installation, and after installation to determine their performance capability and efficiency(Sharma, (n.d.)). The necessary tests to be performed must be identified during design phases, including their scope, equipment and tools, personnel, etc. Some of the tests that are carried out on a light rail include: structural tests, safety tests(Cleghorn, 2009), performance tests, noise and vibration tests(Maeda, et al., 2011), software system tests, interoperability tests, compatibility tests, environmental and/or emissions tests, maintenance tests, reliability tests, service ability tests, supportability tests, personnel tests, etc. Findings from each of these tests are evaluated and compared with the project specifications. A component or system is only validated if it meets the required specifications or standards. Validation is done so as to confirm if the system is developed in accordance with its specifications and functions(Luna, et al., 2013). Testing and evaluation starts by testing individual components then different system elements followed by main subsystems and lastly testing the whole light rail system as one integrated system. Progressive testing, evaluation and validation of the system is very useful in preventing costly and time-consuming changes at final stages of the project. Optimization If any component or system fails to meet the required specifications or standards then it must be changed or improved before the light rail can be commissioned and opened for use. In the context of this report, optimization means improving components or systems that fail to meet the project requirements until they meet these requirements. Besides that, optimization aims at improving any other aspect of the light rail. For instance, if the light rail can be powered by renewable energy then it can optimized or modified so as to capitalize the benefits of renewable energy, and if it can be constructed using locally available materials and labour then the better. In general, optimization aims at determining the best solution for each design element of the light rail. This is usually achieved through simulations and calculations so as to obtain the best solution for each design problem. It is also worth noting that optimization does not stop during design and construction processes but ca n also be done during operation phase of the light rail network. Human Factors Human factors focuses on improving the impacts that the light rail will have on the people or the interaction between the light rail network and the users(Wilson, et al., 2012). Since most of the light rail operations are monitored and controlled remotely, its automation systems should be properly designed by considering all relevant human factors. Some of the main human factors are discussed below Safety The light rail should be designed with adequate safety features to ensure that the staffs (drivers and train crew), passengers and the public are safe at all times. This can be achieved by ensuring proper vertical and horizontal alignments of the light rail routes, use of suitable materials, trained staffs, efficient driver environments(Dobson, 2015) and proper maintenance. Reliability The light rail should have efficient control and signaling systems to inform passengers and staffs on the exact arrival and departure times. Comfort The light rail should have attractive stations where passengers can sit comfortably when waiting for the train, boarding stations should have high platforms to enable easy boarding and alighting and passenger seats should of appropriate size and shape. It should also have enough and comfortable workplace for drivers and staffs to perform their tasks efficiently(Naweed Moody, 2015). Additionally, all persons in the train must be protected from excessive noise and vibrations. Affordability The fare charged for the light rail transportation should also be reasonable so that passengers do not have to pay a higher price for the transportation services(Dadashi, et al., 2013). Therefore the government should focus on transit oriented development so as to generate more revenue other that the one collected from operational activities of the light rail. Health The light rail should also not produce emissions that affect the health of people. The emissions produced by the light rail should be minimal and lower than those generated by other transit modes. Conclusion and Recommendations Light rail is an efficient, reliable and state-of-the-art transit mode that has numerous economic, environmental and social benefits over other transit modes. Many cities across the world are adopting light rail networks so as to overcome challenges such as traffic congestion, increasing urban transportation demand and carbon emissions. However, successful implementation of a light rail network project can only be attained if all appropriate processes are followed to the later. Preliminary design phase, detailed design and development phases, and test, evaluation, validation and optimization processes are very essential stages when developing a light rail network. Each of these phases must be performed with utmost thoughtfulness and effectiveness for the light rail network to achieve its goals and objectives. Since the light rail network is also largely controlled by automated systems, it is very important to consider human factors such as safety, comfort, reliability, affordability and health. Most importantly is that all stakeholders should be involved from very early stages of the project and work as a team from start to finish References Blanchard, B. Fabrycky, W., 2010. Systems engineering and analysis. 5th ed. New Jersey, U.S.: Prentice Hall. Cleghorn, D., 2009. Improving pedestrian and motorist safety along light rail alignments, Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. Cohen-Blankshtain, G. F. E., 2011. Light rail routing: Do goals matter?. Transportation, Volume 38, pp. 343-361. Dadashi, N., Scott, A., Wilson, J. Mills, A., 2013. Rail human factors: supporting reliability, safety and construction. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. Dobson, K., 2015. Human factors and ergonomics in transportation control systems. Procedia Manufacturing, Volume 3, pp. 2913-2920. Ewing, R. Cervero, R., 2010. Travel and the built environment: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Planning Association, 3(265-294), p. 76. Goral, J., 2007. Risk management in the conceptual design phase of building projects. Goteborg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology. Higigns, C., Ferguson, M. Kanaroglou, P., 2014. Light rail and land use change: rail transit' role in reshaping and revitalizing cities. Journal of Public Transportation, 17(2), pp. 93-112. Light Rail Committee, 2016. Knowledge Brief - Light rail: a tool to serve customers and cities , Brussels: International Association of Public Transport. Luna, S. et al., 2013. Integration, verification, validation, test and evaluation (IVVTE) framework for system of systems (SoS). Pocedia Computer Science, Volume 20, pp. 295-305. MacDonald, J. et al., 2010. The effect of light rail transit on body mass index and physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39(2), pp. 105-112. Maeda, T. et al., 2011. Noise and vibration mitigation for rail transportation systems: Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Railway Noise, Nagahama, Japan, 18-22 October, 2010 , Berlin: Springer Science Business Media. Naweed, A. Moody, H., 2015. A streetcar undesired: investigating ergonomics and human factors issues in the driver-cab interface of Australian trams. Urban Railway Transit, 1(3), pp. 149-158. Seo, K., Golub, A. Kuby, M., 2014. Combined impacts of highways and light rail transit on residential property values: a spatial hedonic price model for Phoenix, arizona. Journal of Transport Geography, Volume 41, pp. 53-62. Shang, B. Zhang, X., 2013. Study of emission reduction: benefits of urban rail transit. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 96, pp. 557-564. Sharma, R., (n.d.). Testing and commissioning process for a light rail project, United Kingdom: Ove Arup Partners Ltd. Tourism Transport Forum Australia, 2010. TTF Transport Position Paper: The Benefits of Light Rail, Sydney: Tourism Transport Foum Australia. Wilson, J. et al., 2012. Rail human factors around the world: impacts on and of people for successful rail operations. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.